Jun 10, 2009 Keyword Research Pro v1.0.3. Keyword Research pro is a keyword research tool with the following features:- 6 different sources of keywords adding up to billions of keywords. Google, Wordtracker, KeywordDiscovery, 7search, Ask.com and Miva. Multi-language support allows you get keywords in 41 specific languages. 5 Lab#02 INTRODUCTION TO TORA SOFTWARE Objective: To study and installTORA software To solve problem using TORA software Theory TORA: Tora is user friendly software.it has wide range of uses like linear programming integer programming queening theory, transportation model project planning and zero sum games. Uses of TORA software: There are following uses of Tora software. Jul 03, 2021 TORA 3.2.283 (latest) TORA 2.9. TOra is a neat and efficient toolkit for Oracle which aims to help the DBA or developer of database applications. Features PL/SQL debugger, SQL worksheet with syntax highlighting, DB browser and a full set of DBA tools. TOra also includes support for MySQL and Postgres. Operations research is an analytical method of problem-solving and decision-making that is useful in the management of organizations. In operations research, problems are broken down into basic components and then solved in defined steps by mathematical analysis.
- TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) is a source initiated on demand routing protocol.
- It was invented by Vincent Park and M. Scott Corson from university of Maryland in 1997 for wireless ad hoc network.
- TORA is a highly adaptive, efficient, loop-free and scalable routing protocol based on link reversal algorithm.
- The main objective of TORA is to limit message propagation in the highly dynamic mobile computing environment. It means, it is designed to reduce communication overhead by adapting local topological changes in ad hoc network. Another main feature of TORA routing protocol is the localization of control packets to a small region (set of nodes) near the occurrence of a topological changes due to route break. Hence, each node of the network required to contain its local routing and topology information about adjacent nodes.
- TORA supports multiple routes to transmit data packet between source and destination nodes of mobile ad hoc network. In short, TORA exhibits multipath routing capability.
- The TORA's operation can be compared to that of water flowing downhill toward a sink node through a grid of tubes that model the routes in the real world network. The tube junctions represent the nodes, the tube themselves represent the route links between the nodes, the tube's water represents the packets flowing between nodes through the route links toward the destination, as shown in the figure:
- Considering the data flow to be downhill, each node has a height with respect to the destination node. The analogy also makes it easy to correct routes in case of link failure or error.
- One of the biggest advantages of TORA is that it can operate smoothly in a highly dynamic mobile environment. It provides multiple paths for any source-destination pair. For this purpose, teach node must maintain routing information about their one-hop neighbors.
- TORA works in three main phases:
- Route creation: Route creation from source to destination.
- Route maintenance: Maintenance of the route.
- Route erasure: Erasing of the route when the route is no longer valid.
- TORA attempts to build a separate directed acyclic graph (DAG) by each node to every destination. When a route to a particular destination is required, the source node broadcasts a QUERY packet containing the address of the destination. The route query propagates via the network till it reaches either the destination or an intermediate node containing the route to the destination.
- TORA contains a quintuple metric which consists of:
- Logical time of link failure.
- Unique ID of the node that defines the new reference level.
- A reflection indicator bit.
- A propagation ordering parameter.
- Unique ID of the node.
Hybrid Protocol - Zone Routing Protocols
Hybrid protocols attempt to take advantage of best of reactive and proactive schemes. The basic idea behind such protocols is to initiate route discovery on demand but at a limited search cost. One of the popular hybrid protocols is zone routing protocol (ZRP).
Zone routing protocol (ZRP)
- Zone routing protocol is a hybrid of reactive and proactive protocols. It combines the advantage of both reactive and proactive schemes.
- ZRP was invented by Zygmunt Haas of Cornell University. Zone routing protocol finds loop free routes to the destination.
- ZRP divides the network into zones of variable size; size of the zone is determined radius of length ?, where the ? is the number of hops or nodes to the perimeter of the zone and not the physical distance.
- In other words we can say that, the neighborhood of the local node is called a routing zone. Specifically, a routing zone of the node is defined as the set of nodes whose minimum distance in hops from the node is no greater than the zone radius.
- A node maintains routes to all the destinations proactively in the routing zone. It also maintains its zone radius, and the overlap from the neighboring routing zones.
- To create a routing zone, the node must identify all its neighbors first which are one hop away and can be reached directly.
- The Process of neighbor discovery is governed by the NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol), a MAC level scheme. ZRP maintains the routing zones through a proactive component called the intra-zone routing protocol (IARP) and is implemented as a modified distance vector scheme. Thus IARP is responsible for maintaining routes within the routing zone.
- Another protocol called the inter-zone routing protocol (IERP) which is responsible for maintaining and discovering the routes to nodes beyond the routing zone.
- This type of process uses a query - response mechanism on-demand basis. IERP is more efficient than standard flooding schemes.
- When a source node send data to a destination which is not in the routing zone, the source initiates a route query packet.
- The latter identified by the tuple <source node ID, request number>. This request is then broadcasted to all the nodes in the source nodes periphery.
- When a node receives this query, it adds its own identification number (ID) to the query. Thus the sequence of recorded nodes presents a route from the current routing zone. Otherwise, if the destination is in the current routing zone of the node, a route reply is sent back to the source along the reverse from the accumulated record.
- A big advantage of this scheme is that a single route request can result in multiple replies of route. The source can determine the quality of these multiple routes based on such parameter as hop count or traffic and choose the best route to be used.
PDF Download Operations Research: An Introduction (6th Edition), by Hamdy A. Taha
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Operations Research: An Introduction (6th Edition), by Hamdy A. Taha
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Appropriate for a variety of junior and senior undergraduate and first year graduate courses in operations research. Among these courses are Industrial Engineering, Business Administration, Statistics, Computer Science, and Mathematics. Major revision is designed to meet the needs of beginning through advanced students with an emphasis placed on the formulation and applications aspects. Provides balanced coverage of theory, applications and computations of operations research techniques. Numerical examples are main vehicle for explaining new ideas with each numeric example followed by a set of problems. TORA and SIMNET software included in text. More than 1,000 problems.
- Sales Rank: #3326726 in Books
- Published on: 1996-12-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 1.64' h x 7.23' w x 9.50' l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 916 pages
From the Publisher
Major revision is designed to meet the needs of beginning through advanced students with an emphasis placed on the formulation and applications aspects. Provides balanced coverage of theory, applications and computations of operations research techniques. Numerical examples are main vehicle for explaining new ideas with each numeric example followed by a set of problems. TORA and SIMNET software included in text. More than 1,000 problems.
From the Back Cover
The sixth edition of Operations Research: An Introduction continues to provide readers with a balanced presentation of the theory, applications and computations of operations research. The book uses case studies, accompanying software, and comprehensive exercises to explain the basics of operations research techniques. It includes much new material: Floyd's Shortest Route Algorithm, Goal Programming, Analytic Hierarchy Approach, Review of Probability, Probabilistic DP, Simulation Modeling, as well as updated versions of TORA software and the simulation language SIMNET II. A valuable reference book for professionals in a variety of fields, including Industrial Engineering, Business Administration, Statistics, Computer Science, and Mathematics.
About the Author
Hamdy A. Taha is a University Professor of Industrial Engineering with the University of Arkansas, where he teaches and conducts research in operations research and simulation. He is the author of three other books on integer programming and simulation, and his works have been translated into Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Japanese, Russian, Turkish, and Indonesian. He is also the author of several book chapters. His articles have appeared in Management Science, Operations Research, and Interfaces Institute for Operations Research and Management Science, Naval Research Logistics John Wiley & Sons, the European Journal of Operations Research International Federation of Operations Research Societies and the AIIE Transactions.
Professor Taha was named a Senior Fulbright Scholar to Carlos III University, Madrid, Spain. He received an Alumni Award for excellence in research and The Nadine Baum Faculty Teaching Award, both from the University of Arkansas, and numerous other research and teaching awards from the College of Engineering, University of Arkansas. He is fluent in three languages and has held positions in Mexico and the Middle East.
Most helpful customer reviews
19 of 20 people found the following review helpful.
An excellent book
By OR user
I have used this book as a student some 20 years ago and continue to use it today in my line of work. I was surprised to read a CS student complaining that the book does not provide any LP theory. Huh! Apparently the reviewer did not go past the first two chapters because Chapter 7 gives all the necessary mathematical foundation for linear programming. The reviewer also talks about 'signedness' difficulty in the book, something I don't understand because 'signedness' is not a word in English. As for TORA, true the software is not an 'orthodox' Windows development per se particularly for CS majors, but I find it refreshing that it is desigend to eliminate the need for a user manual. And this perhaps is the reason TORA is designed that way. It is very easy to use, and it can be used interactivly (with instant feedback) to help the reader understand the algorithmic details of the different OR techniques. I might also add that I used TORA's LP and IP modules many many times and have compared the results with those from AMPL and Excel Solver. Contrary to the CS reviewer claim,TORA always gave the correct answers. In summary, this book explains the basics of OR (theory, applications and computations)in a clear, concise, and straightforward manner using multitudes of examples. It is no wonder that it has been a leading textbook worldwide for over 35 years.
17 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
The Best Book, Period!
By A Professor
I just want to respond to the CS major from Denmark. If he/she is that knowlegeable about what OR should or should not include, what is he/she doing taking an introductory course in the subject? This is not a book about writing computer codes for algorithms to please CS majors. It is a book that offers a comprehensive treatment of all three aspects of operations research (theory, applications, and computations), and it does it admirably. Also, if the CS major has read past the first few chapters, he/she will find all the LP/IP theory he/she desires. I belive that TORA is one of the best tutorial programs I (and my students) have ever used. It is easy to use and it gives instant feedback to actions initiated by the user. Also, as far as I know, TORA always gives the correct answers. I am currently teaching an introductory class from Taha's book, and I am very pleased with it (not to mention that its page count is about half the size of the competition -- without loss of substance, I must add)
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6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
ref: PIRATE version of Taha's book!
By ABC
I have learned the hard way that Taha's book is printed in two version: US edition and International Edition. Text material is exactly the same in both versions. Problem sections in the two editions are another story, in the sense that (1) the order of the problems is not the same and (2) the numeric data of most problems are not the same. The reason for this considerably aditional work (e.g., differnt solutions manuals and different solutions in the appendix) is simple: Deter the sale of international copies (usually much cheaper) in the US market. Having said that, the fact remians that Taha's book is one of the most oustanding references in the field.
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